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Botswana, Geography
Location:
Southern Africa, north of South Africa
Map references:
Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World
Area:
total area:
600,370 sq km
land area:
585,370 sq km
comparative area:
slightly smaller than Texas
Land boundaries:
total 4,013 km, Namibia 1,360 km, South Africa 1,840 km, Zimbabwe 813
km
Coastline:
0 km (landlocked)
Maritime claims:
none; landlocked
International disputes:
short section of boundary with Namibia is indefinite; quadripoint with
Namibia, Zambia, and Zimbabwe is in disagreement; recent dispute with
Namibia over uninhabited Kasikili (Sidudu) Island in Linyanti (Chobe)
River
Climate:
semiarid; warm winters and hot summers
Terrain:
predominately flat to gently rolling tableland; Kalahari Desert in
southwest
Natural resources:
diamonds, copper, nickel, salt, soda ash, potash, coal, iron ore,
silver
Land use:
arable land:
2%
permanent crops:
0%
meadows and pastures:
75%
forest and woodland:
2%
other:
21%
Irrigated land:
20 sq km (1989 est.)
Environment:
current issues:
overgrazing; desertification; water scarcity
natural hazards:
NA
international agreements:
party to - Climate Change, Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Nuclear
Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection; signed, but not ratified -
Biodiversity
Note:
landlocked; population concentrated in eastern part of the country
Botswana, People
Population:
1,359,352 (July 1994 est.)
Population growth rate:
2.45% (1994 est.)
Birth rate:
32.19 births/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Death rate:
7.72 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Net migration rate:
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
39.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population:
63.05 years
male:
60.03 years
female:
66.16 years (1994 est.)
Total fertility rate:
4.06 children born/woman (1994 est.)
Nationality:
noun:
Motswana (singular), Batswana (plural)
adjective:
Motswana (singular), Batswana (plural)
Ethnic divisions:
Batswana 95%, Kalanga, Basarwa, and Kgalagadi 4%, white 1%
Religions:
indigenous beliefs 50%, Christian 50%
Languages:
English (official), Setswana
Literacy:
age 15 and over able to read and write simple sentences (1990 est.)
total population:
23%
male:
32%
female:
16%
Labor force:
428,000 (1992)
by occupation:
220,000 formal sector employees, most others are engaged in cattle
raising and subsistence agriculture (1992 est.); 14,300 are employed
in various mines in South Africa (March 1992)
Botswana, Government
Names:
conventional long form:
Republic of Botswana
conventional short form:
Botswana
former:
Bechuanaland
Digraph:
BC
Type:
parliamentary republic
Capital:
Gaborone
Administrative divisions:
10 districts; Central, Chobe, Ghanzi, Kgalagadi, Kgatleng, Kweneng,
Ngamiland, North-East, South-East, Southern; in addition, there are 4
town councils - Francistown, Gaborone, Lobaste, Selebi-Phikwe
Independence:
30 September 1966 (from UK)
National holiday:
Independence Day, 30 September (1966)
Constitution:
March 1965, effective 30 September 1966
Legal system:
based on Roman-Dutch law and local customary law; judicial review
limited to matters of interpretation; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction
Suffrage:
21 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state and head of government:
President Sir Ketumile MASIRE (since 13 July 1980); Vice President
Festus MOGAE (since 9 March 1992); election last held 7 October 1989
(next to be held October 1994); results - President Sir Ketumile
MASIRE was reelected by the National Assembly
cabinet:
Cabinet; appointed by the president
Legislative branch:
bicameral Parliament
House of Chiefs:
is a largely advisory 15-member body consisting of chiefs of the 8
principal tribes, 4 elected subchiefs, and 3 members selected by the
other 12
National Assembly:
elections last held 7 October 1989 (next to be held October 1994);
results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (38 total of which 34
are elected and 4 are appointed) BDP 31, BNF 3, unfilled seats pending
new elections 4
Judicial branch:
High Court, Court of Appeal
Political parties and leaders:
Botswana Democratic Party (BDP), Sir Ketumile MASIRE; Botswana
National Front (BNF), Kenneth KOMA; Botswana People's Party (BPP),
Knight MARIPE; Botswana Independence Party (BIP), Motsamai MPHO
Member of:
ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, FAO, FLS, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA,
IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT (nonsignatory user), INTERPOL, IOC, ITU,
LORCS, NAM, OAU, SACU, SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNOMOZ,
UNOMUR, UNOSOM, UPU, WCL, WHO, WMO
Diplomatic representation in US:
chief of mission:
Ambassador Botsweletse Kingsley SEBELE
chancery:
Suite 7M, 3400 International Drive NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone:
(202) 244-4990 or 4991
FAX:
(202) 244-4164
US diplomatic representation:
chief of mission:
Ambassador Howard JETER
embassy:
address NA, Gaborone
mailing address:
P. O. Box 90, Gaborone
telephone:
[267] 353-982
FAX:
[267] 356-947
Flag:
light blue with a horizontal white-edged black stripe in the center
Botswana, Economy
Overview:
The economy has historically been based on cattle raising and crops.
Agriculture today provides a livelihood for more than 80% of the
population, but produces only about 50% of food needs. The driving
force behind the rapid economic growth of the 1970s and 1980s has been
the mining industry. This sector, mostly on the strength of diamonds,
has gone from generating 25% of GDP in 1980 to 50% in 1991. No other
sector has experienced such growth, especially not agriculture, which
is plagued by erratic rainfall and poor soils. The unemployment rate
remains a problem at 25%. Although diamond production was down
slightly in 1992, substantial gains in coal output and manufacturing
helped boost the economy. Recovery in sluggish diamond markets in
second half 1993 helped Botswana achieve moderate growth of 3% for the
year.
National product:
GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $6 billion (1993 est.)
National product real growth rate:
3% (1993 est.)
National product per capita:
$4,500 (1993 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
14% (1993 est.)
Unemployment rate:
25% (1993 est.)
Budget:
revenues:
$1.7 billion
expenditures:
$1.99 billion, including capital expenditures of $652 million (FY94)
Exports:
$1.7 billion (f.o.b. 1992)
commodities:
diamonds 78%, copper and nickel 6%, meat 5%
partners:
Switzerland, UK, SACU (Southern African Customs Union)
Imports:
$1.8 billion (c.i.f., 1992)
commodities:
foodstuffs, vehicles and transport equipment, textiles, petroleum
products
partners:
Switzerland, SACU (Southern African Customs Union), UK, US
External debt:
$344 million (December 1991)
Industrial production:
growth rate 6.8% (FY91); accounts for about 53% of GDP, including
mining
Electricity:
capacity:
220,000 kW
production:
901 million kWh (in addition 228,000,000 kWh were imported)
consumption per capita:
874 kWh (1992 est.)
Industries:
mining of diamonds, copper, nickel, coal, salt, soda ash, potash;
livestock processing
Agriculture:
accounts for only 5% of GDP; subsistence farming predominates; cattle
raising supports 50% of the population; must import up to of 80% of
food needs
Economic aid:
recipient:
US aid (1992), $13 million; Norway (1992), $16 million; Sweden (1992),
$15.5 million; Germany (1992), $3.6 million; EC/Lome-IV (1992), $3-6
million in grants; $28.7 million in long-term projects (1992)
Currency:
1 pula (P) = 100 thebe
Exchange rates:
pula (P) per US$1 - 3.1309 (January 1994), 2.4190 (1993), 2.1327
(1992), 2.0173 (1991), 1.8601 (1990), 2.0125 (1989)
Fiscal year:
1 April - 31 March
Botswana, Communications
Railroads:
712 km 1.067-meter gauge
Highways:
total:
11,514 km
paved:
1,600 km
unpaved:
crushed stone, gravel 1,700 km; improved earth 5,177 km; unimproved
earth 3,037 km
Airports:
total:
101
usable:
90
with permanent-surface runways:
9
with runways over 3,659 m:
0
with runways 2,440-3,659 m:
1
with runways 1,220-2,439 m:
30
Telecommunications:
the small system is a combination of open-wire lines, microwave radio
relay links, and a few radio-communications stations; 26,000
telephones; broadcast stations - 7 AM, 13 FM, no TV; 1 Indian Ocean
INTELSAT earth station
Botswana, Defense Forces
Branches:
Botswana Defense Force (including Army and Air Wing), Botswana
National Police
Manpower availability:
males age 15-49 294,603; fit for military service 154,997; reach
military age (18) annually 15,156 (1994 est.)
Defense expenditures:
exchange rate conversion - $196 million, 4.9% of GDP (FY93/94)